Combinations of type 1 diabetes, celiac disease and allergy - An immunological challenge
نویسنده
چکیده
The immune system is composed of a complex network of different cell types protecting the body against various possible threats. Among these cells are T-helper (Th) cells type 1 (Th1) and type 2 (Th2), as well as T regulatory (Treg) cells. Th1 and Th2 are supposed to be in balance with each other, while Tregs regulate the immune response, by halting it when the desired effect, i.e. destroying the threat, is acquired. However, sometimes this intricate interplay in the immune system is disturbed, leading to diseases as type 1 diabetes (T1D), celiac disease or allergic disease. According to the paradigm claiming that Th1and Th2-cells inhibit each other a coexistence of a Th1-deviated disease and a Th2-deviated disease seems unlikely. This thesis aimed to examine the immune response with focus on subsets of T-cells in children with T1D, celiac disease, allergy, or a combination of two of these diseases, in comparison to reference children (healthy). In line with previous findings we observed that children with celiac disease showed a decreased spontaneous Th2-associated secretion, whereas children with allergic disease showed increased birchand cat-induced Th2-associated response. The most remarkable results in this thesis are those observed in children with combinations of diseases. The combination of T1D and celiac disease decreased the Th1-associated response against several antigens, but instead displayed a more pronounced Treg-associated response. Further, in children with combined T1D and allergy an increased Th1and Th2-associated response was seen to a general stimulus, and an increased birch-induced Th1-, Th2-, Tregand pro-inflammatory response. In contrast, the combination of allergy and celiac disease showed a decreased spontaneous Th1-, Th2-, Tregand pro-inflammatory response. In conclusion, we observed that two Th1-deviated diseases in combination suppress the immune response and increase the regulatory activity. Further it seems that allergy has the ability to shift the immune response in diverging directions depending on which disease it is combined with. The observed suppressive effect might be due to exhaustion of the immune system from the massive pressure of two immunological diseases in combination, while the pronounced Treg response might be caused by an attempt to compensate for the dysfunction. These results shed some light on the intriguing and challenging network that constitutes the immune system, and hopefully give clues regarding disease prevention and treatment. Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning I immunförsvaret finns ett flertal olika celltyper som samarbetar för att skydda kroppen mot potentiellt skadliga ämnen. Bland dessa finns T-hjälpar celler (Th) av typ 1 och 2, vars uppgift är att hjälpa andra celler att utföra sina uppgifter. Th1och Th2celler tros vara i balans med varandra, och hämmar därför vid behov varandra. De reglerande T-cellerna (Treg) har istället en reglerande effekt med uppgift att bromsa immunförsvaret i tid för att undvika skada på kroppens egna celler. Ibland störs balansen, vilket kan leda till olika sjukdomar, som de autoimmuna sjukdomarna typ 1diabetes (T1D) och celiaki men också uppkomst av allergi. Givet den balans som råder mellan Th1 och Th2, borde det vara ovanligt med att en sjukdom med Th1-inslag ska kunna existera tillsammans med en med Th2-inslag, men denna kombination av sjukdomar är inte ovanligare än vad som är förväntat i befolkningen. Denna avhandling syftar till att studera immunsvaret med fokus på olika undergrupper av T-celler (bla Th1, Th2 och Treg), hos barn med T1D, celiaki och allergi, samt även kombinationer av två av dessa sjukdomar, men även jämfört med friska barn . Vi fann att barn med celiaki, en sjukdom med Th1-inslag, enligt förväntan reagerade med ett lågt Th2-svar, och att barn med allergi, en sjukdom med Th2-inslag, reagerade starkt mot både björk och katt, också det enligt våra förväntningar. Immunförsvaret hos barn med kombinationer av dessa immunologiska sjukdomar har inte utforskats i någon stor utsträckning, och der är här vi fann de mest oväntade resultaten. Vi fann att barn med kombinationen av T1D och celiaki uppvisar både ett minskat Th1-svar mot ett flertal ämnen, samt ett mer uttalat Treg-svar. Barn med allergi verkar också ha förmågan att förskjuta immunförsvaret i olika riktningar beroende på vilken annan sjukdom de kombineras med. Kombinationen av T1D och allergi ger upphov till ett ökat Th1, Th2 samt Treg-svar mot björk, medan kombinationen av celiaki och allergi istället ger upphov till ett minskat spontant Th1-, Th2samt Treg-svar. Sammanfattningsvis tyder våra resultat på att två sjukdomar med Th1-inslag trycker ned immunförsvaret, men ökar den reglerande aktiviteten. Dessutom verkar allergi kunna förskjuta immunförsvaret i olika riktningar beroende på vilken annan sjukdom den kombineras med. Det nedtryckta svar vi ser kan bero på att immunförsvaret är utmattat från det tryck som är följden av att bära på har två immunologiska sjukdomar. Den mer uttalade reglerande effekten kan dessutom komma sig av att immunförsvaret försöker kompensera för den störda balansen. Förhoppningsvis kan dessa resultat sprida lite ljus över det intrikata nätverk immunförsvaret består av samt även ha effekt på prevention och behandling.
منابع مشابه
PREVALENCE OF CELIAC DISEASE IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH TYPE I DIABETES MELLITUS
The association of celiac disease and type I diabetes mellitus has been known for some time. This study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of celiac disease (CD) in diabetic children and adolescents. Eighty-seven patients (44 females, 43 males) aged 2- 18 years, with type I diabetes participated in this study. A group of 87 healthy unrelated girls and boys matched for age and gend...
متن کاملPrevalence of celiac disease in children under-18 years old with diabetes mellitus type I
Background: Celiac disease is a chronic inflammation of small intestine which is caused by an increased permanent sensitivity to a protein named gluten. This protein is present in some cereals such as wheat, barley, and rye. The immunologic response to this protein can cause clinical symptoms in people with specific human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) (including HLADQ2 or HLADQ8). Most studies have...
متن کاملChildren diagnosed with both type 1 diabetes and celiac disease -an Immunological challenge
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and celiac disease are both characterized by an autoimmune feature. As T1D and celiac disease share several common risk factors such as environment, genetics and immune dysregulation, patients have risk of developing the other disease subsequently. Patients with manifest T1D may have had a latent celiac disease, which is activated parallel to the anti-islet immune reactivi...
متن کاملType 1 Diabetes Mellitus, Celiac Disease, and Selective IgA Deficiency: a Case Report
Patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus have a high prevalence of coeliac disease, symptoms of which are often mild, atypical, or absent. Untreated coeliac disease is associated with an increased risk of malignancy, particularly of lymphoma. Therefore, we report a 9-year-old girl with Coeliac disease, diabetes type 1 and Selective IgA deficiency. A 9-year-old female patient presented in august 2...
متن کاملHypothyroidism and Celiac among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type I in Yazd, Iran a Descriptive Study
Objective: The autoimmune diseases tend to coexist with diabetes mellitus type I (T1DM). The concomitance of these two types of diseases will lead to poor glycemic control beside their own complications. In this study the prevalence of thyroid disorder and celiac disease among T1DM patients in Yazd, Iran was evaluated. Materials and Methods: all the patients diagnosed as T1DM in Yazd younger t...
متن کامل